Recounts Of The Birth Of Singapore Essay

Who / YearHow it shekelsedWhen the reign endedWhy he leftSejarah MelayuSeri Teri Buana, Prince of Palembang / 1299Decided to stay after he saw the merlion and renamed Temasek as Singapura After 5 generations / 1396 stomach king, Iskandar Shah betrayed by his official who opened the gates for invading coffee treenese forces Portuguese recountsParameswara, Prince of Palembang / 1392Fled Majapahit forces despatched to crush the rebellion he staged After 4 years / 1396Assassinated host who welcomed him. Fled the ensuing Thai forces portion to strike back for the dead rulerAccounts on the birth of SingapuraSejarah MelayuPortuguese accountsSingapura as an auspicious location, a new city to be established1299 Seri Teri Buana leaves Palembang, arrives, discovered and renamed the place as SingapuraEnds his reign after 48 years when he died, succeeded by his sonReign ended after 5 generations, in 1396Singapura was powerful and able to dispute Majapahit, the major hegemon in the archipelag oWhy singapura had power?Second ruler of Singapura, son of Seri Teri Buana, married to daughter of Tamil ruler of Kalinga Singapura had standings among the Indian kingdomsReason for its end 1396, Last king, Sultan Iskandar Shah was betrayed by one of his officials , to the invading MajapahitIskandar Shah fled singapura, went to Melaka to set up a port-city Singapura as a refuge1392 Parameswara arrives after fleeing an unsuccessful uprising against Majapahit in Palembang he then kills his host, and takes over SingapuraReason for its end 1396, Parameswara forced to flee from an invading Thai force send to avenge the murder of its vassalGreat civilizations of Asia china, India and Middle easternAffected economic, social and political accounting of the coastal port-states of Melaka psyche regionHow did the port colonisations along the Melaka Straits region function? (dependent on switch over context)1. Asian maritime business deal involving exchange of goods between states in sout h china sea and indian ocean One main port in the Melaka straits emerges as the entrepot , the centrifugal tailor between the tierets in these twain major Asian economic regions The other ports in the Melaka straits subsumes themselves to a lower place this honcho entrepot, acting as feeder ports, servicing the chief ports economic needs, benefitting from the Asian art directly2. Trade context differed, no need for chief entrepot port-ports orient their economic outlook towards key markets that were closest to them -ports on northern end of MS foc utilize on India and Middle East -portson southern end (incl sg) foc utilize on the malay archipelago, mainland sea and chinaTemasek-collection centre-export gateway for products obtainable from immediate area (for South Johor and Riau Arcipelago)Chinese ceramic and glassware trade by Temasek were similar, glass ware had similar compositions(Shows that Riau Archipelago was intimately linked to Temasek)SingapuraRegion1402Singapura comes at a lower place Melaka Sultanate. Acts as the category base of the Orang Laut, warriors of the Melaka sultans Parameswara establishes Kingdom of Melaka1511Melaka f everys to the Portuguese1528Last sultan of Melaka establishes Johor Sultanate up the Johor River 1530Orang Laut chief defends Singapura against Portuguese attacks Series of Portuguese attacks on Johor SultanateYear14th TemasekRegionmainland ChinaBefore 990Chinese ships banned from venturing abroad to trade990lifted ban though trade, however, still highly controlled -ships had to register at the Guangzhou port before they could embark on a journey to SEA maritime market did not expand significantlytrade continued to be facilitated by foreign ships (arab origin) types of goods brought and volume of maritime trade could not be dictated by Chinese market 1079 Malayanu at Jambi became premier emporium in the Melaka Straits1087- 1090From small volume, high value exotic goods to large volume, low value mundane goods SE A important source of low value goods (rich in natural resources, geographical proximity) Chinese vessels permitted to go on overseas voyages as long as they start permits and their departure was officially registered by local constitution 1127Temasek one of many ports in the region that emerged to allot Chinese traders Srivijaya loses chief enterpot port positionelaboration of maritime trade and growth of coastal cities under Soong Dynasty 1275According to Daoyi Zhilue, Temasek specialised in hornbill, lakawood and cotton. (competitive advantage) Temasek served as a calling hub for a regional hinterland Jambi, capital of Srivijaya, sacked by invasion forces. Port-settlements mushroomed along Melaka Straits1279Yuan Dynasty encourages maritime trade1299Seri Teri Buana arrives-commanded a large retinue of boat people (Orang Laut)1330sWang Dayuan arrives in Temasek and records a Thai invasion that was thwarted by a Chinese mission1368Temasek ceded to Melaka in return for annual fi xed turn outment of gold. Temaseks existence as autonomous port-settlement came to an end Prince from Palembang unsexd sole rights to conduct trade with Ming court, Melaka became the key port of call Zhu Yuanzhang overthrows Yuan Dynasty and reinstates trade banFort Canning HillMain settlement AreaWhereNorth Bank of the capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of capital of Singapore RiverWho inhabited purple family, ruling familyWhat is it used forCentre of rite and political activities in TemasekLocation of main settlements and economic activities of Temasek (e.g. trading)How did it looked likeArtisan QuartersLower eastmost slope of hillock is the artisan and servants quarters high concentration of glass fragments, beads, ceramic moulds suggest glass- and jewellery-making spectral siteHigher up east slope, lies remains of a building foundation of religious meaning non-perishable materials were used for the constructionRoyal abodeOn the northern slope near the summit of the hill was an impressive ter expedite site likely used to house the ruling family Restricted SpaceRoyal garden and palace on the hills eastern and northern slope were inaccessible to commoners collect to salt marches to the west and forest up northBoundaries / DefenceThe royal residency is likely to have a perimeter defence and there is likely to have spatial demarcation to mark out the functions of the spaces Archaeological findings in new parliament House, Empress Place, Colombo Court Site, Singapore Cricket gild and St. Andrews Cathedral revealed EarthenwareWater containers and cooking pots were mostly made in Singapore.Coarse Stoneware CeramicsStorage jars and bottles were wholly imported from aboard. Most likely used to store foodstuff or other smaller ceramic pieces to be carried aroundFine Stoneware and PorcelainCeramics were product of kilns in Guangdong and Fujian. Yuan decimal point blue and white porcelain were in any case r ecoveredMetal FindsCopper coins minted during Song period with several minted in Yuan. No coins post-date Yuan. Yuan used paper currency extensively and in Ming, Singapore no longer autonomous port try outThis form of religious architecture was fairly common throughout island Southeast Asia in the classical period Archaeologists unearthed rare and valuable Chinese ceramics flexible gold armlets of Javanese-inspired designs near Fort Canning site Occurrence of adjure and copper finds totally at New Parliament House site suggests metal smelting and working turn there Large quantities of storage jar shards from Empress Place and Old Parliament House suggest drop off of trade goods off ships and location of storage facilities Higher concentration of copper coins at New Parliament House, Singapore Cricket club and St. Andrews Cathedral suggests trade conducted shape up inland, away from the harbour and warehouses sceneStraits of Melaka and Sunda Straits the only two channels connect ing the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean. adjudge of the waters around Singapore would have accorded control, security & economic benefits to the power thatwas able to project that strategical capability.Build-upAs early as 1620s, Ming had the detailed recorded navigational know-how through the Keppel Straits Portuguese overly had the knowledge by early 16th CenturyEventBritain took over Dutch territories in Java & Melaka after Dutch loss to France in the war in Europe 1818Raffles assigned to Sumartra as Lieutenant-Governor28 Jan 1819Raffles anchored off St Johns Island6 Feb 1819Treaty that gave British rights to set up a factory in exchange for money to Tengku Husain and Temenggong was signed June 1819Raffles signed further agreements with Husain and Temenggong that regularise the establishment of the settlement, limiting their influence on Singapore Oct 18221 June 1824Crawfurd stopped all payments to Husain by alleging that agreements to pay Husain was not legitimate and Hus ain in return owed the East India Company money. In order to repay the debts, Crawfurd wanted Husain to sign a new accord that gave up Husains power in the island 2 Aug 1824New treaty signedPlayers lead to the establishment of colonial SingaporeMaritime NetworkUp till 1923, Singapore was a trading port without a clearly defined hinterland that could only be reached by sea. The economic networks that free burning Singapore operated on an extended sea-lined foreland covering much of Indian Ocean and South China Sea. As a colonial port, Singapores trade was predominantly Asian. SEA accounted for a quarter, China 12%. Overland trade with SEA was insignificant, hence Singapores position between two oceans was more important than being on the southernmost tip of Asia.Late nineteenth century Singapore gradually became a staple port from which Malayan commodities such as tin and arctic were neat and exported to the rest of the world TinDemand for tin exploded in 1810 with the introductio n of tin cans (also used in American Civil War for preserved food for troops) Tin mining mostly through with(p) by Malays prior to nineteenth century Chinese beat backers began coming to Malaya after the founding of Pinang to work in tin mines since Malays were reluctant to increase production to meet the rising conduct for tin In 1874, British signed the Pangkor Engagement with the Malay sultans to keep law and order through the establishment of a British resident (to protect their investitures in the tin industry) Brought abt peace and stability, thus bringing more investments and more Chinese migration 1890, western tin-smelter built by Straits Trading company as a European investmentRubberDevelopment of motor car industry in United States led to establishing of rubber plantations in Malaya Ridley persistently promoted rubber as a cash cropDiscovered how to tap rubber run down without damaging the tree in 1897 1908, despite protests by London agents, british firms in sg band ed tgt to start rubber market in singapore 3 years later, Rubber Association handled sale of rubber Singapore developed into an important international rubber market 1905 merchant vessels industry developed to serve the new port-city , Colonial government assumed control and development of the port to meet the increasing demandTanjong Pagar Dock Ordinance began converting into Singapore Harbour Board 1924Road link between Malaya and Singapore opened, constituent the tin, rubber and oil from the Northern hinterland Colonial Singapore experienced early industrialisation as a result of the raw materials that was coming from the NorthProposed Defence / MotivationsResults1819 1827Series of artillery batteries over the island with a major artillery fort on Pearls Hill Singapore was worth argue in view of Dutch threat Britain in debt from administering expanding Indian empire, futile to fund the defences Britain did not comprehend the Dutch threat grave enough to improve defences 184 3Protect the entrance to Kallang River, New Harbour at Tanjong Pagar with series of artillery batteries and forts. In view of the opening up of China after the Opium War, Captain trounce proposed to beef up defences in Singapore as part of a greater sea path from Singapore to China. Series of Artillery batteries & fortsVSNaval squadron from BengalLocal merchants wanted batteries but were not willing to pay for it / Bengal argued that naval squadron was more effective 1878Advent of steam ships, Suez Canal and telegraph brought the Empire closer. clear conflicts no longer local and could escalate into wider conflicts Major McCullum propose strong naval fleet with secure chain of ports and coaling station as combat support Fortification of Singapore carried out among together with Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, etc. 1921Far East Fleet to counter an emerging and hostile Japan, and also to protectinterest in SEA and Australia Imperial Conference reviewed and decided with only the c onstruction of a naval base and not a Far East Fleet Construction and fortification of Singapore started in 1923 and completed only in 1938 1945 Britain came out of WWII severely weakened but still had an empire to govern. She wanted to de-colonize and bring colonies under the Commonwealth umbrella, maintaining a certain influence over them Saw Singapore as an important pin to combat communism in the region Britain increased defence in Singapore to maintain her forces presence in the region pablums English educated members and Indian politicians appealed to workers and unions while downwind Chin Siongs Chinese roots appealed to the China-born voters who had yet to shed their Chinese chauvinism. As such, PAP win the election against Lim Yew Hocks Labour Front Britain was unaware of LKYs agenda behind LKYs seemingly enigmatic choice of working with the communist despite PAPs anti-communist ideologyReasons for optical fusionWorries of MergerPAPEconomic nominate jobs for an increasi ng populationIn order to sustain declining economy, infallible Malaya as a hinterland and Malayas consumer market to aid her weakening entrepot Without merger, Singapore unable to rival neighbouring countries low production cost and bigger market PoliticsHave to fulfil their electoral promise of delivering independence to Singapore Independence could only be achieved through mergerFinancialSingapore wanted to collect all levy revenue at heart the island and pay an agreed amount to the interchange government Malaya wanted all tax revenue to becollected centrally and give Singapore what they neededCitizenshipSingapore was not comfortable with the possibility of relegating to second class citizens in Malaysia citizenship rights were not ironed out MalayaPrevent the defeated Malayan Communist Party from using Singapore as a springboard to mount a comeback Sweetener in Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo Although Borneo was unhappy, their complains were disregarded by Britain Made Nor th Borneo part of the merger deal to sweeten the deal for Malaya Chinese radicals in Singapore whose violent riots were well-documented Did not want to lose central control over Singapore after merger BritainFavoured merger to keep communism in the region in checkHas vested interest in Singapore in their established military base, hence did not want Singapore to turn to communism1954 1955 issue forth of Chinese riots and clashes including the Hock Lee Riots and Chinese students over the new subject field Service Ordinance 1959PAP won election with help of Left-Wing radicals Lim Chin Siong and Feng Swee SuanSingapore granted self-governance by the Britishwhitethorn 1961Tunku announced contemplation to bring Singapore, Borneo, Brunei & Sarawak under the Malaysia Jul 1961PAP loses second by-elections in Anson engineered by the Communist Aug 196113 PAP rebels organize the Barisan Sosialis which opposed merger Sep 1961Broad agreements to the merger reached, working committees to be fo rmed to iron out details of merger before June 1963 Sep 1962Singaporeans vote for merger in the National ReferendumFeb 1963Operation Coldstore arrests key left-wing and presumably pro-Communistleaders Jul 1963Final negotiations in London in chase of compromise in financial arrangements & a common market Sep 1963New Federation of Malaysia with SingaporePAP wins elections in Singapore despite UMNOs participation Nov 1964First Malaysian Budget unveiled, DPM Goh metrical that Singapores taxpayers contributed to 39.8% of the budget even though it had 17% of the population of Malaysia Singapore saw tax on diesel oil and sugarJul 1964Malay-Chinese race riots, Syed Jaafar Albar flamed LKY on different mediums Apr 1964PAP registered as a Malaysian political party to run against UMNO led alliance and won one seat, big(p) UMNOs political position Feb 1965Talks on disengaging Kuala Lumpar from Singapore was stopped by Britain May 1965In the inaugural Malaysian Solidarity Convention, LKY chal lenged UMNOs policies for solving Malays poverty argued for a Malaysian Malaysia where race does not play a part Direct challenge to UMNO-led alliance that was split between racial lines Jun 1965Goh Keng Swee and Tun Razak held secret talks on separation without Britain knowing Aug 1965SeparationAfter 1965Resumed industrialisation, welcoming FDI in Singapore that was not possible under Malaysia Resumed Indonesian barter trade that was not possible due to Malaysia-Indonesian relations Trade in traditional produce tin, rubber and rice gave way to trade in crude, petroleum products, shipbuilding and services Bank of China kept institutions in existence1967Sing dollars came into existenceLongue Duree Problems answer / ResultsLack of Sense of BelongingSingapore has been an immigration haven, population comprised of immigrants, descendants of immigrants who had been living and working within their respective ethnic groups Different groups of people with diverse language, historical and cultural background meant that they did not have a sense of belonging in Singapore People had no stake it SingaporeCreate a common identity, shared experience in WWIIEspoused principles of Equality, Meritocracy, multiracialism and multiculturalism 1967, introduced NS, fostering sense of NationhoodResettlement program offers meretricious housing raising standard of living of Singaporeans tremendously, it also provided Singaporeans with a stake in the country atomic town DefenceWas very vulnerable fresh out of separation, threats from Indonesian Konfrontation, Malaysia, etc intended to rely on British military presence but they withdrew in 1971 Chinese country in a Malay regionDeterrence is Singapores best form of defence poison shrimp hedgehog dolphin1971, ASEAN was established to serve the need for regional corporation in matters to foreign affairs Singapore befriended global powers like the USPowerful friends + Local defencesEntrepot trade susceptible to global swingsSingapore s economy is one of a staple port that supported the primary economy of a large rural hinterland In 14th, served Riau and Borneo Early 20th, served MalaysiaIn 1965, Malaysias trade barriers, Indonesias Sukarno administration and Chinas Cultural Revolution made it impossible for Singapore to rely on their traditional economic pillars Enterpot trade was VERY susceptible to global trendsManufacturingEmbraced colonial past and opened up to westImport-substitution manufacturing for domestic market to manufacturing for Western market Education and training realigned to upgrade economic productivity Business-friendly labour laws passedFinancial SectorInsurance, international banking corporations encouraged to establish Asian base in Singapore ShippingImproved port and shipping capabilitiesResultsBy 1975, Singapore was the worlds 3rd busiest portgross domestic product increased tremendously in early independence